ENZYME FACTS:
Coenzymes
Six major
classes of enzymes
Three major
types of enzymes
Digestive
enzymes and their function
Other common
enzymes
Supplemental
enzymes
Bibliography
ENZYMES - Did You Know?
There are more than 3,000
known enzymes in the human body. The body’s ability to
function and repair itself is directly related to the
strength and number of enzymes that are present. Every
second, they are changing and renewing, sometimes at
unbelievable rates. This is why an enzyme deficiency can be
so devastating.
IMPORTANT TO KNOW: Prolonged heat over 48°C
(118°F) kills 100% of the enzymes, leaving the bulk of
nutrients with no helpers (enzymes) to take them where they
should go. Sustained body temperatures of over 40°C (104°F)
are usually fatal because enzymes throughout the body
undergo denaturation and become permanently nonfunctional.
IMPORTANT TO KNOW: Enzymes are also very
sensitive to their environment. Too much acid or alkaline
will affect their activity, as will temperature,
concentrations of a necessary substrate, coenzymes, and
inhibitors. In addition, enzymes are very specific. Each one
promotes one type of chemical reaction -- and one type only.
SUMMARY:
-
Best
Application Temperatures: 55oF to 105oF
-
Do NOT Mix
SporiCLEAN®
with any other cleaners or chemicals (We have a safe
neutral pH of 7.5).
-
If you
used bleach or other cleaning chemical - be sure to
rinse harmful chemicals BEFORE using SporiCLEAN to
achieve optimum cleaning potential.
IMPORTANT
"KEY" TO KNOW:
SporiCLEAN®
is a "proprietary formulation" that contains a "GREEN
Cleaning Multi-Enzyme Blend" specifically formulated to insure the most complete cleaning
potential possible! SporiCLEAN®
is a Medical Grade formula that has been successfully used
in Hospitals and Institution since 1999. SporiCLEAN®
was successfully used during Katrina, Wilma & Rita
hurricanes cleaning sewerage, mold and bacteria!
General Data: Usually, it is the glands and
major organs, including the brain, that suffer the most. The
pancreas will also swell to meet the great demand for its
secretions. Over time, it has been shown that the brains of
animals actually shrink from an all-cooked, overly-refined
diet. It seems unlikely that humans would fare any
different.
Ninety percent or more of all
the carbohydrates eaten are used to form ATP, or cell
energy. This is why limiting carbohydrates may help you lose
weight, but it is devastating on the cells in the long run
as they try to meet the demands of the body without adequate
refueling.
Enzymes are necessary to
properly digest and absorb all nutrients in order to give
the body what it needs to function. No matter how many
nutrients are eaten, the nourishment desired is futile
without enzymes to digest and help transport them.
Enzymes are proteins (long
chains of amino acids that differ in order and number) made
by living cells to promote specific metabolic reactions.
Cofactors are ions or
molecules (a mineral or an electrolyte) that must attach to
the active site before substrate binding can occur and
enyzmes act as cofactors.
Haloenzyme is an enzyme that
is activated by an appropriate cofactor.
Apoenzyme is an inactive
enzyme without its cofactor.
Return to Top
Coenzymes
function as cofactors and consist of large organic
molecules, often formed by the body from many vitamins in
order to function as essential coenzymes. A coenzyme is a
necessary helper for enzymes. Since the body cannot make
them, they must be obtained from food. In humans, coezymes
are usually the B vitamins that help enzymes release energy
from carbohydrates, fat, and protein. Vitamin B6 assists
those enzymes that metabolize amino acids. Folate and
vitamin B12 work with enzymes in helping cells to multiply.
Fat-soluble vitamins are not usually considered to be
coenzymes; but, because they are involved in so many bodily
functions, their presence is essential. Therefore, they may
be considered as “indirect” coenzymes. Unlike enzymes,
coenzymes are not proteins, but they do require constant
replacement since their action takes place during
consumption of food.
Metalloenzyme is an enzyme
that contains one or more minerals as part of its structure.
Isozymes are enzymes that
differ in structure but catalyze the same reaction.
Different tissues often contain different isozymes. When
tissue damage occurs, isozymes leak out of the injured cells
into the tissue fluid and the blood. Thus, the
identification of a particular isozyme can provide direct
evidence of damage to a specific tissue. For example, the
enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) catalyzes a reaction that
produces lactic acid during periods of intense muscular
activity. Cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle have different
isozymes of LDH. When a patient reports experiencing severe
chest pain, an LDH assay is often performed. If the pain
resulted from a heart attack, cardiac LDH levels will be
elevated.
Six major classes
of enzymes
-
Ligase requires ATP and
string nucleotides together in nucleic acids and simple
sugars in polysaccharides.
-
Lyase breaks bonds between
carbon atoms or between carbon and nitrogen. For
example, deaminase removes amino group from amino acid.
-
Hydrolase breaks large
molecules into simpler molecules with the addition of a
water molecule. For example, proteases split proteins
into amino acids; amylase splits carbohydrates into
simple sugars; and lipase breaks apart triglycerides.
-
Transferase removes a part
of one molecule and attaches it to another. For example,
transaminase transfers an amino group from an amino
acid.
-
Isomerase rearranges the
atoms in a molecule without changing the chemical
formula. It is important in preparing some carbohydrates
for enzymatic processing.
-
Oxido-reductase removes
hydrogen or electrons from one molecule and gives them
to another. They are involved in mitochondrial energy
production.
-
Kinase attaches a
phosphate group with a high-energy bond. It is essential
for ATP production and the activation of some enzymes.
Return to Top
Three major types
of enzymes
-
Food enzymes are found in
raw foods. All food, whether animal or plant, contains
enzymes.
-
Digestive enzymes are
secreted by the body to digest the food eaten. There are
three categories of digestive enzymes:
-
Amylases (found in
saliva, the pancreas, and intestinal juices) break
down carbohydrates;
-
Proteases (found in
the stomach, pancreatic, and intestinal juices) help
digest protein;
-
Lipases (found in the
stomach and pancreatic juices, and in food fats) aid
in fat digestion.
-
Metabolic enzymes run all
the body organs and systems by performing various
chemical reactions within the body cells. Without them,
life would cease to exist. Two important metabolic
enzymes are SOD (superoxide dismutase, which is an
antioxidant and Catalase, which breaks down hydrogen
peroxide, a metabolic waste product, liberating the
oxygen for use in the body.
Return to Top
Digestive
enzymes and their function
-
Amylase I and II are
secreted, first by the salivary glands, and then by the
pancreas. They function best in a pH of 6.7-7.5,
breaking bonds between carbohydrate molecules to produce
disaccharides and trisaccharides. Amylase I is activated
by chewing and begins the digestive process by
converting starch (amylose) to maltose. Amylase II,
produced by the pancreas, is only slightly different
chemically and continues the process started by the
salivary amylase.
-
Pepsin is secreted as
proenzyme pepsinogen by the chief cells of the stomach
and activated by hydrogen in the stomach acid, also
producing hydrochloric acid at the same time. It
functions best in a pH of 1.5-2.0 in order to break
bonds between amino acids in proteins, producing
short-chain polypeptides and destroying any pathogens
that enter with the food.
-
Trypsin is secreted from
the pancreas as proenzyme trypsinogen. It functions best
in a pH of 7-8. Trypsin acts on proteins and
polypeptides to produce short-chain peptides. It also
activates other pancreatic proteinases.
-
Chymotrypsin is secreted
by the pancreas as proenzyme chymotrypsinogen. It
functions best in a pH of 7-8. Chymotrypsin acts on
proteins and polypeptides to produce short-chain
peptides.
-
Carboxypeptidase is
secreted by the pancreas as proenzyme
procarboxypeptidase. It functions best in a pH of 7-8.
Carboxypeptidase acts on proteins and polypeptides to
produce short-chain peptides and amino acids.
-
Elastase is secreted by
the pancreas as proenzyme proelastase. It functions best
in a pH of 7-8. Elastase targets elastin to produce
short-chain peptides.
-
Lipase is secreted by the
pancreas -- but only if bile salts are present. It
functions best in a pH of 7-8. Lipase targets
triglycerides to produce fatty acids and monoglycerides.
Lipase also seems to be activated by the presence of
Vitamin C, glutathione, and cysteine.
-
Nuclease is secreted by
the pancreas. It functions best in a pH of 7-8. Nuclease
targets nucleic acids RNA and DNA to produce nitrogen
bases and simple sugars.
-
Enterokinase is secreted
by the mucosal cells of the small intestine and reaches
the lumen through disintegration of shed epithelial
cells. It functions best in a pH of 7-8. Enterokinase
targets trypsinogen, a proenzyme, to produce trypsin.
-
Maltase, sucrase, and
lactase are secreted by the mucosal cells of the small
intestine and found in the membrane surface of
microvilli. They function best in a pH of 7-8. They
respectively target the sugars maltose, sucrose, and
lactose to produce monosaccharides.
-
Peptidase is secreted by
the mucosal cells of the small intestine and found in
membrane surfaces of the microvilli. It functions best
in a pH of 7-8. Peptidase targets dipeptides and
tripeptides to produce amino acids.
Return to Top
Other common enzymes
-
Bromelain is found in
pineapple. It is a digestive enzyme that breaks down
protein. It also has anti-inflammatory properties and
has proven effective in treating rheumatoid arthritis
and osteoporosis. It also improved mobility while
decreasing pain and joint swelling. Bromelain also
breaks down the fat/cholesterol casings that surround a
clot and can “clean up” arterial plaque. By eating raw
pineapple, cardiac function can improve, as well as
symptoms of CHF (congestive heart failure). However, too
many people take aspirin for this purpose, which only
prevents the clumping of clots in the blood. It does not
prevent the accumulation of the fats that cause
atherosclerosis.
Note that the enzyme is found only in fresh pineapple
and is destroyed in canning or freezing.
-
Papain is found in papaya.
It is often used with bromelain. Both are used as
meat-tenderizers and to help with protein digestion and
in controlling acidic conditions of the stomach.
-
Rennin is found only in
the stomachs of infants. It is a milk-clotting enzyme.
Rennin readies the milk for the action of pepsin in
breaking down the proteins and for lipase to break down
the fats.
Supplemental enzymes
-
Pancreatin is usually
obtained from an animal source. It is unique because it
possesses proteolytic, lipolytic, and amylolytic
properties: proteolytic enzymes (chymotrypsins, trypsins,
pancreato- and carboxypeptidases), amylases, lipases,
phospholipases, as well as nucleic acids (RNA and DNA).
It is most active in a pH of 6.5 to 9.0. It is mainly
used when there is pancreatic insufficiency, inadequate
secretions of exocrine pancreas, disturbed digestion
after gastrectomy, and in children with cystic fibrosis.
-
Trypsin also comes from an
animal source, usually ox pancreas. It has
endoproteolytic properties and splits peptides, amides,
and esters. It is most active in a pH of 7.0 to 9.0 and
often used in the debridement of necrotising wounds,
ulcerations, abscesses, empyemas, hematomas, fistulas,
and decubitus ulcers. It can be used internally or
externally to accelerate healing in injuries,
inflammations, phlogistic edemas, and traumatic changes
as well as an auxilary agent in meningitis therapy.
-
Chymotrypsin is another
one from an animal source, usually ox and pork pancreas.
It has endoproteolytic activities, splitting peptides,
amides, esters, and other amino acid-containing
compounds. It is most active in a pH of 8.0 and used in
the debridement and treatment of abscesses and
ulcerations, as well as in the liquefaction of mucous
secretions, in ophthalmic cataract surgeries and therapy
of eyeball hematomas and ophthalmorrhagias, and in
before and after tooth extractions, as well as other
forms of dentistry. Chymotrysin has been used after
episiotomy surgeries, as an anthelmintic agent against
enterozoic worms, in early recognition of tumor cells,
and in histologic gastroenterologic diagnostics.
-
Papain is obtained from
papaya latex of Carica papaya. It splits peptides,
amides, and esters and is most active in a pH of 2.5 to
7.0. It is used in ophthalmology to prevent cornea scar
malformation, intoxications caused by stings of
jellyfish and insects, malabsorption syndromes like
gluten intolerance, treating phlogistic edemas,
inflammatory processes, and in accelerating wound
healing.
-
Bromelain is obtained from
pineapple stems of Ananas comosus and is a mixture of
bromelain A and B, two sulfur-containing proteinases
that split peptides, amides, and glycine esters. It is
most active in a pH of 3.0 to 8.0 and used as an
adjuvant in treatment of swelling and inflammations
caused by injury and surgery, as well as for painful
menstrual hemorrhages, such boxing injuries as facial
swellings and hematomas, acute sinusitis, and in
thromboembolism of central retinal vessels.
-
Amylase is obtained from a
fungal source, usually from Aspergillus oryzae. It
requires calcium ions for its activity on starch,
glycogen, and related poly- and oligosaccharides. It is
most active at a pH of 6.5 and used with other enzymes
as a digestant.
-
Lipase is obtained from a
fungal source, usually from Aspergillus oryzae. It
depends on calcium ions for its activity of splitting
emulsified neutral fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
It is most active in a pH of 5.0 to 7.5 and used to
increase pancreatic and lipolytic activities in
pancreatin-containing remedies. It reduces fat levels in
stools when given in combined preparations with
pancreatin. It also intensifies syngergistically
biocatalytic activity of lipoprotein-lipase in the blood
and the migration of agranulocytes.
-
Lactase is obtained from a
fungal source Aspergillus niger and a yeast source
Saccharomyces lactis. A. niger is most active in a pH of
4.0 to 5.0, while S. lactis prefers 6.0 to 8.5. Lactase
is used to treat lactose insufficiency and as a
digestive aide.
-
Cellulase is obtained from
a fungal source, usually Aspergillus niger. It breaks
down cellulose and cereal glucans and used as a
digestive aid. (Cichoke)
Return to Top
Bibliography
-
Cichoke, Anthony J.
Enzymes and Enzyme Therapy. 2000.
-
Howell, Edward. Enzyme
Nutrition. 1985.
-
McCance, Kathryn L. and
Sue E. Huether. Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for
Disease in Adults and Children. 1990.
-
Martini, Frederic.
Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology. 1992.
Return to Top
Call Toll
Free:
(877)
703-3330
Or Email:
info@123CleanGreen.com
|
